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REFERENCES

  1. Schnell, T., & Zwahlen, H.T. (2000). "Computer Based Modeling to Determine the Visibility and Minimum Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings." Transportation Research Record 1708–Control Devices, Visibility and Rail-Highway Crossings, 47–60. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.

  2. Fitzpatrick, K., Lance, M., & Lienau, T. (1995). "Effects of Pavement Markings on Driver Behavior at Freeway Lane Drop Exits." Transportation Research Record 1495–Traffic Control Devices, Visibility, and Railroad Grade Crossings, 17–27. Washington DC: National Research Council.

  3. Zwahlen, H.T., & Schnell, T. (1999a). "Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age, Retroreflectivity Under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night." Transportation Research Record 1692–Traffic Signing, Visibility and Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 152–163. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

  4. Theeuwes, J. (1991). "Visual Selection: Exogenous and Endogenous Control." In A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, I. Moorhead, & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles III (pp. 53–61). Amsterdam: North Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers.

  5. Sanders, M.S., & McCormick, E.J. (1993). Human Factors in Engineering and Design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

  6. Turner, D., Nitzburg, M., & Knoblauch, R. (1998). "Ultraviolet Headlamp Technology for Nighttime Enhancement of Roadway Markings and Pedestrians." Transportation Research Record 1636-Bicycle and Pedestrian Research, 124–131. Washington DC: National Research Council.

  7. Jacobs, G.F., Hedblom, T.P., Bradshaw, T.I., Hodson, N.A., & Austin, R.L. (1995). "Detectability of Pavement Markings Under a Stationary and Dynamic Conditions as a Function of Retroreflective Brightness." Transportation Research Record 1495–Traffic Control Devices, Visibility, and Railroad Grade Crossings, 68–76. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

  8. Sivak, M., & Flannagan, M. (1993). "Human Factors Considerations in the Design of Vehicle Headlamps and Signal Lamps." In B. Peacock & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Automotive Ergonomics (p. 193). Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

  9. Woerner, B., & Neumann, R. (1991). "Motor Vehicle Lighting Systems with High Intensity Discharge Lamps." Transportation Research Record 1316–Visibility for Roadways, Airways, and Seaways, 836–843. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

  10. Sliney, D.H., Fast, P., & Ricksand, A. (1995). "Optical Radiation Hazards Analyses of Ultraviolet Headlamps." Applied Optics, 34(22), 4912–4921.

  11. Mahach, K.R., Knoblauch, R.L., Simmons, C.J., Nitzburg, M., Arens, J.B., & Tignor, S.C. (1997). A Preliminary Field Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Activated Fluorescent Roadway Delineation (FHWA-RD-97-082). McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center.

  12. Bishu, R.R, Foster, B., & McCoy, P.T. (1991). "Driving Habits of the Elderly: A Survey." In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, 2, 1134–1138. San Francisco, CA.

  13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2004). Traffic Safety Facts 2003 Data: Older Population (DOT HS 809 766). Retrieved from http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSF2003/809766.pdf

  14. Mortimer, R.G. (1989). "Older Drivers Visibility and Comfort in Night Driving: Vehicle Design Factors." In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 33rd Annual Meeting, 154–158.

  15. Olson, P.L. (1993). "Vision and Perception." In B. Peacock & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Automotive Ergonomics, (pp. 161–183). Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

  16. Zwahlen, H.T., & Schnell, T. (1999b). "Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities." Transportation Research Record 1692–Traffic Signing, Visibility and Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 129–141. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

  17. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. (2003). Highway Statistics 2003. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs03/

  18. Sivak, M., & Olson, P. (1984a, June). Nighttime Visual Problems Of Elderly Drivers. Paper presented at the First International Congress of Traffic Psychology and Highway Safety, Valencia, Spain.

  19. Calderas, J., personal communication, August 22, 2000.

  20. Erion, J., personal communication, June 5, 2000.

  21. Dutke, F.F., personal communication, June 20, 2000.

  22. Schnell, T., personal communication, August 24, 2000.

  23. Mace, D., Garvey, P., Porter, R.J., Schwab, R., & Adrian, W. (2001). "Countermeasures for Reducing the Effects of Headlight Glare." Report prepared for The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Available at http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/HeadlightGlare.pdf

  24. Nitzburg, M., Seifert, R. Knoblauch, R., & Turner, D. (1998). A Safety Evaluation of UVA Vehicle Headlights (FHWA-RD-99-079). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

  25. Mortimer, R.G., & Fell, J.C. (1989). "Older Drivers: Their Night Fatal Crash Involvement and Risk." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 21(3), 273–282.

  26. Schnell, T., & Ohme, P. (2000). "Enhancing Pavement Marking Visibility For Older Drivers." Interim Report. Ames, IA: Iowa Department of Transportation.

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