Figure 36. These correlations between the LS-DYNA calculations and energy-deflection data were used to set the parallel fracture energy for frozen grade 1 pine to five times the perpendicular fracture energy. Graphs.

This graph shows eight distinct lines. The first line is solid black and is labeled LS-DYNA Calculation while the remaining seven lines are solid pink and are labeled Grade 1 Frozen Fir Data. The vertical axis of this graph ranges from 0 to 10,000 and represents Force (kilonewtons) while the horizontal axis of this graph ranges from 0 to 200 and represents Deflection (millimeters). The solid black line rises very gradually to the points of 3,000 on the vertical axis and 100 on the horizontal axis where the line plateaus and runs straight off the graph. The first pink line slopes upward to the points of 5,800 on the vertical axis and 140 on the horizontal axis where it ends. The second pink line slopes upward to the points of 5,000 on the vertical axis and 140 on the horizontal axis where it ends. The third pink line slopes upward to the points of 3,400 on the vertical axis and 150 on the horizontal axis while the fourth pink line slopes upward to the points of 3,200 on the vertical axis and 160 on the horizontal axis. Both find their ends at these points. The fifth pink line slopes upward to the points of 2,400 on the vertical axis and 130 on the horizontal axis where it ends. Finally, the sixth pink line slopes upward to the points of 3,200 on the vertical axis and 140 on the horizontal axis while the seventh line slopes upward to the points of 1,200 on the vertical axis and 130 on the horizontal axis. Both find their ends at these points.

This second graph shows two distinct lines. The first line is solid pink and is labeled Grade 1 Frozen Pine test 415F. The second line is solid black and is labeled LS-DYNA Calculation. The vertical axis of this graph ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 and represents Velocity (meters per second) while the horizontal axis ranges from 0 to 60 and represents Time (milliseconds). The pink line runs across the length of the graph in a casual wave-like fashion, beginning at the points of zero on both the vertical and horizontal axes. The pink line first peaks at the points of 0.3 on the vertical axis and 13 on the horizontal axis before it slopes back down to the points of 0.2 on the vertical axis and 24 on the horizontal axis. It rises again casually to the points of 0.24 on the vertical axis and 33 on the horizontal axis. From there the pink line gradually runs off the graph at the points of 0.2 on the vertical axis and 60 on the horizontal axis. The black line slope upward to the points of 0.4 on the vertical axis and 21 on the horizontal axis where it ends.

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FHWA-HRT-05-096