PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-RD-98-088
SEPTEMBER 1998
US Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
Research and Development
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22 101-2296
FOREWORD
The Federal Highway Administration recognized the problem of premature corrosion of reinforced concrete bridges in the early 1970's and established corrosion protection as one of its high-priority areas (HPA's) for research.
This report summarizes the research performed over the last 15 to 25 years of developing various cost-effective corrosion protection systems for both new structures and rehabilitating existing salt-contaminated, reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges.
Other forthcoming reports from Structures HPA's are: Geotechnical Engineering; Hydraulics/Scour; Seismic Protection; Corrosion Protection-Steel Bridges, and Timber Bridges.
This report will be of interest to owners, bridge engineers, consultants, and designers of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges who are involved in the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of these structures.
Charles J. Nemmers
Director, Office of Engineering
Research and Development
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade of manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document.
Technical Report
Documentation Page
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1. Report No. FHWA-RD-98-088 |
2. Government Accession No. | 3. Recipient's Catalog No. | |
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4. Title and Subtitle CORROSION PROTECTION - CONCRETE BRIDGES |
5. Report Date September 1998 |
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6. Performing Organization Code
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7. Author(s) Y. Paul Virmani and Gerardo G. Clemena* |
8. Performing Organization Report No.
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9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Turner-Fairbank
Highway Research Center |
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
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11. Contract or Grant No.
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12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Engineering
Research and Development |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report |
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| 14. Sponsoring Agency Code | |||
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15. Supplementary Notes
* Virginia Transportation
Research Council |
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16. Abstract
Premature corrosion
of reinforcing steel has caused many concrete bridges in the United
States to deteriorate before their design life was attained. Recognizing
the burden that reinforcing steel corrosion imposes on natural resources,
the Federal Highway Administration established Corrosion Protection
for Concrete Bridges as one of the high-priority areas (HPAs) in its
Structures Research Program. This HPA had two main objectives: (1) To
develop effective and economical methodologies for arresting or reducing
the extent of steel corrosion due to chloride-contamination of concrete
bridges, thereby reducing maintenance costs of existing concrete bridges
and minimizing interruption to traffic and, (2) To develop sound design
and construction practices and materials for preventing corrosion of
reinforcement in new structures, hence minimizing future deterioration.
To meet these objectives, several research programs were developed and
pursued in this HPA. This report summarizes the progress made through
research efforts conducted under these programs.
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17.
Key Words Steel corrosion in concrete, chloride ions, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, epoxy-coated rebars, alternative rebars, corrosion inhibitors, cathodic protection, electrochemical chloride extraction, grouting, inspection of concrete. |
18.
Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. |
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19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 72 |
22. Price |
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)
Reproduction of this page authorized
| Approximate Conversions to SI Units | ||||
| Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
| Length
|
||||
| in | inches | 25.4 | millimeters | mm |
| ft | feet | 0.305 | meters | m |
| yd | yards | 0.914 | meters | m |
| mi | miles | 1.61 | kilometers | km |
| Area
|
||||
| in2 | square inches | 645.2 | square millimeters | mm2 |
| ft2 | square feet | 0.093 | square meters | m2 |
| yd2 | square yards | 0.836 | square meters | m2 |
| ac | acres | 0.405 | hectares | ha |
| mi2 | square miles | 2.59 | square kilometers | km2 |
|
Volume
|
||||
| fl oz | fluid ounces | 29.57 | milliliters | ml |
| gal | gallons | 3.785 | liters | l |
| ft3 | cubic feet | 0.028 | cubic meters | m3 |
| yd3 | cubic yards | 0.765 | cubic meters | m3 |
| Mass
|
||||
| oz | ounces | 28.35 | grams | g |
| lb | pounds | 0.454 | kilograms | kg |
| T | short tons (2000 lbs) | 0.907 | megagrams | Mg |
| Temperature
(exact)
|
||||
| °F | Fahrenheit | 5(F-32)/9 | Celsius | °C |
| temperature | or (F-32)/1.8 | temperature | ||
|
Illumination |
||||
| fc | foot-candles | 10.76 | lux | lx |
| fl | foot-Lamberts | 3.426 | candela/m2 | cd/m2 |
|
Force
and Pressure or Stress |
||||
| lbf | pound-force | 4.45 | newtons | N |
| psi |
pound-force per square inch |
6.89 | kilopascals | kPa |
|
Approximate Conversions from SI Units
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||||
| Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
| Length
|
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| mm | millimeters | 0.039 | inches | in |
| m | meters | 3.28 | feet | ft |
| m | meters | 1.09 | yards | yd |
| km | kilometers | 0.621 | miles | mi |
| Area
|
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| mm2 | square millimeters | 0.0016 | square inches | in2 |
| m2 | square meters | 10.764 | square feet | ft2 |
| m2 | square meters | 1.195 | square yards | yd2 |
| ha | hectares | 2.47 | acres | ac |
| km2 | square kilometers | 0.386 | square miles | mi2 |
| Volume
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| ml | milliliters | 0.034 | fluid ounces | fl oz |
| l | liters | .264 | gallons | gal |
| m3 | cubic meters | 35.71 | cubic feet | ft3 |
| m3 | cubic meters | 1.307 | cubic yards | yd3 |
| Mass
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| g | grams | 0.035 | ounces | oz |
| kg | kilograms | 2.202 | pounds | lb |
| Mg | megagrams | 1.103 | short tons (2000 lb) | T |
| Temperature
(exact)
|
||||
| °C | Centigrade | 1.8 C + 32 | Fahrenheit | °F |
| temperature | temperature | |||
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Illumination |
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| lx | lux | 0.0929 | foot-candles | fc |
| cd/m2 | candela/m2 | 0.2919 | foot-Lamberts | fl |
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Force
and Pressure or Stress |
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| N | newtons | 0.225 | poundforce | lbf |
| kPa | kilopascals | .145 |
pound-force per square inch |
psi |