Skip to contentUnited States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration Go to TFHRC homeGo to FHWA websiteFeedback
Go to FHWA website Go to DOT website Structure Research > Structure Publications > Table of Contents Go to FHWA website Go to DOT website

6. RESULTS (cont'd)

The radiographic image shows two longitudinal defects. One discontinuity is located between markers A and B while the other discontinuity is located between markers B and C (C not shown). The discontinuities are circled for illustrative purposes.
Figure 58. Laboratory specimen S135: Radiographic image showing discontinuities in the weld between markers A and B.

 

The radiographic image shows two longitudinal discontinuities. One discontinuity is located between markers A (not shown) and B while the other discontinuity is located between markers B and C. The discontinuities are circled for illustrative purposes.
Figure 59. Laboratory specimen S135: Radiographic image showing discontinuities in the weld between markers B and C.

 

Figure 60 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies one rejectable indication between 0 and 203.2 millimeters (0 and 8 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 60. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S135: From TSC side of centerline between 0 and 203.2 mm (0 and 8 inches).

 

Figure 61 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies one rejectable indication between 0 and 203.2 millimeters (0 and 8 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 61. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S135: From BSC side of centerline between 0 and 203.2 mm (0 and 8 inches).

 

Figure 62 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two rejectable indications between 203.2 and 454.025 millimeters (8 and 17.875 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 62. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S135: From TSC side of centerline between 203.2 and 454 mm (8 and 17.875 inches).

 

Figure 63 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two rejectable indications between 203.2 and 454.025 millimeters (8 and 17.875 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 63. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S135: From BSC side of centerline between 203.2 and 454 mm (8 and 17.875 inches).

 

The photo shows a side view of laboratory specimen S136 with the weld oriented vertically. The specimen is comprised of a thicker plate on the left and a thinner plate on the right.Figure 64. Laboratory specimen S136: Side view of joint.

 

The photo shows a plan view of laboratory specimen S136 with the weld oriented horizontally. The specimen is comprised of a thicker plate to the top and a thinner plate to the bottom of the photo.
Figure 65. Laboratory specimen S136: Top view of joint.

 

The radiographic image shows one longitudinal discontinuity. The discontinuity is located between markers A and B and is circled for illustrative purposes.
Figure 66. Laboratory specimen S136: Radiographic image showing discontinuities in the weld between markers A and B.

 

The radiographic image shows two longitudinal discontinuities. One discontinuity is located between markers A (not shown) and B while the other discontinuity is located between markers B and C. The discontinuities are circled for illustrative purposes.
Figure 67. Laboratory specimen S136: Radiographic image showing discontinuities in the weld between markers B and C.

 

Figure 68 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies one rejectable indication between 0 and 203.2 millimeters (0 and 8 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 68. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S136: From TSC side of centerline between 0 and 203.2 mm (0 and 8 inches).

 

Figure 69 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies one rejectable indication between 0 and 203.2 millimeters (0 and 8 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 69. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S136: From BSC side of centerline between 0 and 203.2 mm (0 and 8 inches).

 

Figure 70 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies one rejectable indication between 203.2 and 454.025 millimeters (8 and 17.875 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 70. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S136: From TSC side of centerline between 203.2 and 454 mm (8 and 17.875 inches).

Figure 71 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two rejectable indications between 203.2 and 454.025 millimeters (8 and 17.875 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 71. P-scan images of laboratory specimen S136: From BSC side of centerline between 203.2 and 454 mm (8 and 17.875 inches).

 

The photo shows a plan view of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM with the weld oriented horizontally. The specimen is comprised of a wider plate to the top and a more narrow plate to the bottom of the photo. The centerlines of the plates are aligned. The X-axis is oriented vertically and aligned with the left edge of the narrow (bottom) plate. The Y-axis is oriented horizontally and aligned with the weld centerline. The weld was scanned in three segments. These segments are labeled 1, 2, and 3 with segment 1 being on the right, segment 2 in the middle, and segment 3 on the left.
Figure 72. Field specimen FG38k-TF2-TopF-FCM used in blind testing: Top view of joint.

 

The photo shows a side view of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM with the weld oriented vertically. The specimen is comprised of a wider plate on the left and a more narrow plate on the right.
Figure 73. Field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM used in blind testing: Side view of joint.

 

Figure 74 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two indications between 0 and 279.4 millimeters (0 and 11 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 74. P-scan images of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From TSC side of certerline between 0 and 279.4 mm (0 and 11 inches).

 

Figure 75 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two indications between 0 and 279.4 millimeters (0 and 11 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 75. P-scan images of field specimen FG38K-TF2TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From BSC side of centerline between 0 and 270.4mm (0 and 11 inches).

 

Figure 76 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display clearly identifies two indications between 279.4 and 558.8 millimeters (11 and 22 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 76. P-scan image of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From TSC side of centerline between 279.4 and 558.8 mm (11 and 22 inches).

 

Figure 77 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display identifies four indications between 279.4 and 558.8 millimeters (11 and 22 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 77. P-scan iamges of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From BSC side of centerline between 279.4 and 558.8 mm (11 and 22 inches).

 

Figure 78 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display does not identify any indications between 558.8 and 857.25 millimeters (22 and 33.75 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 78. P-scan iamges of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From TSC side of centerline between 558.8 and 857.25 mm (22 and 33.75 inches).

 

Figure 79 shows a color-coded image created by the P-scan system which includes the C-scan, B-scan, side view, and response amplitude profile of the weld. The vertical and horizontal axes of the C-scan, B-scan, and side views represent weld dimensions in inches. The vertical and horizontal axes of the amplitude response graph are response amplitude in decibels and distance in inches, respectively. The P-scan image also contains a bar graph relating response magnitude to a series of colors. The colors range from red, which indicates a high amplitude response, to purple, which indicates a low amplitude response. The display does not identify any indications between 558.8 and 857.25 millimeters (22 and 33.75 inches) from the datum. Note that 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters.
Figure 79. P-scan iamges of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM using 45-degree probe: From BSC side of centerline between 558.8 and 857.25 mm (22 and 33.75 inches).

 

The radiographic image shows one longitudinal discontinuity that is located left of marker A and circled for illustrative purposes.
Figure 80. Radiographic image of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-TCM: Section A-B.

 

The radiographic image does not show any discontinuities between markers B and C.
Figure 81. Radiographic image of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM: Section B-C.

 

The radiographic image does not show any discontinuities between markers C and D.
Figure 82. Radiographic image of field specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM: Section C-D.

BLIND FIELD-TESTING RESULTS

During the course of the AUT field study, it was not convenient to conduct blind testing because of fabrication plant logistics and scheduling. However, one blind test was conducted successfully. The purpose of blind testing was to eliminate bias by performing AUT inspection before RT and manual UT inspection.

The specimen (selected at random) for blind testing was FG38K-TopF-FCM. Specimen FG38K-TopF-FCM was composed of two welded butt joints designated as FG38K-TF1-TopF-FCM and FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM, each having a width transition. Specimen FG38K-TopF-FCM was 76.2 mm (3 inches) thick, 857.25 mm (33.75 inches) wide, and was designated as a fracture-critical member (FCM). Plates designed as FCMs must be inspected by both RT and manual UT according to section 6.7.1.2 of the AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code.(1) Table 6.2 in the AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code(1) indicates that plates with thicknesses ranging from greater than 60 to 90 mm (2.5 to 3.5 inches) must be inspected by UT using 45-degree and 70-degree probes. The 45-degree probe inspects the top quarter of the weld thickness, while the 70-degree probe inspects the remainder of the weld thickness. Unfortunately, the AUT inspection was only performed using a 45-degree probe because of time constraints.

For convenience, the width of each butt joint was divided into three segments: 280 mm (11 inches), 280 mm (11 inches), and 300 mm (11.75 inches) long. The P-scan results indicated that specimen FG38K-TF1-TopF-FCM passed the AUT inspection with no rejectable defects in the weld. However, specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM (figures 72 and 73) was diagnosed with defects and was rejected. The P-scan images of specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM are shown in figures 74 through 79. Figures 74 and 75 show the P-scan images of the first segment of the weld. At location Y = 27.686 mm (1.09 inches) from the datum, a 20.32-mm- (0.8-inch-) long indication was found. In addition, subsurface indications were detected along face A (i.e., the top surface) and face B (i.e., the bottom surface) of the plate. Figures 76 and 77 show the second segment of the weld with rejectable subsurface indications. Figures 78 and 79 show rejectable subsurface indications in the third segment of the weld. Figures 80 through 82 show the RT results for specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM in three segments. The first section extends from the left edge of the plate to approximately 304.8 mm (12 inches) from the left edge (figure 80). Fiducial marker B, indicated in figure 80, corresponds to the same marker in figure 81 (the second segment of the radiograph). Fiducial marker C, in figure 81, corresponds to the same marker in figure 82 (the third segment of the radiograph). The radiographic image for specimen FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM (shown in figure 80) indicates a slag inclusion at location Y = 19.05 mm (0.75 inch) from the left edge. No subsurface defects were observed in the other radiographs. Table 7 summarizes the blind field-testing results.

Table 7. Inspection results of blind field testing.

Specimen ID

RT

Manual UT

AUT

FG38K-TF2-TopF-FCM

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B, Slag 0.75" From A Edge
(i.e., Y = 0.75")

Rejected
Ind. 1: theta symbol = 45°
L = 0.80"
Y = 1.00"
Ind. 2: Subsurface Indications

Rejected*Ind. 1A: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = -2 dB
L = 0.55", Z = 1.72"
X = -0.40", Y = 1.09"
Ind. 1B: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +3 dB
L = 0.25", Z = 1.82"
X = -0.08", Y = 1.79"
Ind. 2A: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +9 dB
L = 1.86", Z = 0.08"
X = -2.06", Y = 4.68"
Ind. 2B: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +10 dB
L = 0.15", Z = 0.05"
X = -0.04", Y = 6.45"
Ind. 3: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +8 dB
L = 1.10", Z = 2.82"
X = -0.49", Y = 6.68"
Ind. 4: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +9 dB
L = 4.44", Z = 2.883"
X = +0.56", Y = 11"
Ind. 5: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +7 dB
L = 1.45", Z = 2.85"
X = -1.08", Y = 16.41"
Ind. 6: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +8 dB
L = 0.31", Z = 0.07"
X = -0.56", Y = 20.01"
Ind. 7: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +9 dB
L = 1.19", Z = 2.88"
X = +0.69", Y = 22.86"
Ind. 8: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +10 dB
L = 2.42", Z = 2.9"
X = +0.84", Y = 27"

FG38K-TF1-TopF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

*Under the provisions of table 6.3 in the AASHTO/AWS D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code (i.e., class B and class C flaws shall be separated by at least 2L), Ind. 1A, Ind. 1B, ... are considered as a single defect, Ind. 2A, Ind. 2B, ... are considered as a single defect, etc.

1 inch = 25.4 mm

FIELD-TESTING RESULTS

The field testing results are summarized in tables 8 through 12. The first column of tables 8 through 12 indicates the specimen identification code. The second, third, and fourth columns indicate the inspection method performed on each specimen. "Rejected" or "Accepted" indicates that the specimen was either rejected or accepted, respectively, by the employed inspection method. "Not Required" indicates that the owners did not prescribe the particular inspection method for the specimen. In the cases where the specimens were rejected by RT and the owners did not require manual UT inspection, the fabricators used manual UT to determine the defect depth so that efficient repairs could be performed. In tables 8 through 12, "Ind." stands for indication, and the angle (q) indicates the transducer's refracted angle. The indication characteristics in the fourth column (i.e., indication rating (d), length (L), depth (Z), x-position, and y‑position) are obtained from P-scan images. These characteristics are compared with the UT acceptance-rejection criteria in tables 6.3 and 6.4 from the AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code(1) to determine whether the indications are accepted or rejected.

Tables 8 through 12 show that RT was performed on the remaining 44 field specimens according to the owner's requirements. Note that section 6.7.1.2 of the AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code(1) indicates that 100 percent of each joint subjected to calculated tension or stress reversal and 25 percent of each joint subjected to compression or shear should be inspected by manual UT or RT. The P-scan and radiographic images of the rejected field specimens are provided in figures 83 through 96.

The results from the first field test set at HSS are summarized in table 8. Only two specimens were tested in the first set using RT and AUT. Manual UT was not required. RT and AUT accepted both specimens with no rejectable defects.

Table 8. Inspection results of the first field testing at HSS.

Specimen ID

RT

 Manual UT

AUT

G20A-TF2-BottF

Accepted

 Not Required

Accepted

G21A-TF2-BottF

Accepted

 Not Required

Accepted

Table 9. Inspection results of the second field testing at HSS.

Specimen ID

RT

Manual UT

AUT

G3F-CF1-BottF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G3F-CF2-BottF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G3F-TF1-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G3F-TF2-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G4F-TF1-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G4F-TF2-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G3J-TF1-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G3J-CF1-BottF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G2A-CF1-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G2A-CF2-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G2A-CF3-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G2A-CF4-TopF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G5G-TF1-TopF

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B,
0.13" Slag 0.94" From Edge
(i.e., L = 0.13", Y = 0.94")
Ind. 2: B-C,
0.25" Slag 0.82" From Edge
(i.e., L = 0.25", Y = 19.19")

Not Required
(Accepted Within Code
Ind.1:
L = 0.5", Z = 0.56"
X = 0, Y = 0
Ind. 2:
L = 0.5",
X = 0, Y = 19.0")

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: TSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +14 dB
L = 0.52", Z = 0.81"
X = -0.05", Y = 0"
Ind. 2: BSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +14 dB
L = 1.12", Z = 0.11"
X = -0.22", Y = 18.4"

G2G-CF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Rejected

Rejected*Ind. 1A: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +5 dB
L = 0.58", Z = 1.12"
X = -0.06", Y = 26.21"
Ind. 1B: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = 0 dB
L = 1.50", Z = 1.12"
X = +0.01", Y = 26.93"

*Under the provisions of table 6.3 in the AASHTO/AWS D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code (i.e., class B and class C flaws shall be separated by at least 2L), Ind. 1A, Ind. 1B, ... are considered as a single defect, Ind. 2A, Ind. 2B, ... are considered as a single defect, etc.

1 inch = 25.4 mm

Table 10. Inspection results of the third field testing at HSS.

Specimen ID

RT

Manual UT

AUT

FG4A-TF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG1A-TF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG2A-TF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG3A-TF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG37K-TF2-TopF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG38K-TF3-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG26G-TF2-BottF-FCM

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B,
0.12" Slag 0.59" From B Edge
(i.e., L = 0.12", Y = 11.29")

Accepted Within Code

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: BSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +7 dB
L = 0.39", Z = 0.76"
X = 0.45", Y = 9.97"

FG16D-TF1-BottF-FCM

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B, Within Code
0.04" Slag at A
(i.e., L = 0.04", Y = 0")
Ind. 2: A-B,
0.12" Slag 0.98" From B Edge
(i.e., L = 0.12", Y = 11.02")

Accepted Within Code

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: BSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +14 dB
L = 1.74", Z = 0.69"
X = -0.24", Y = 0.61"
Ind. 2: BSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +9 dB
L = 0.72", Z = 0.32"
X = -0.14", Y = 9.56"

FG36K-TF2-TopF-FCM

Rejected
Ind. 1: C-D,
Edge of Plate
(i.e., Y = 33.75")

Rejected
Ind. 1: theta symbol = 70°
L = 2", Z = 0.5"
X = -0.75", Y = 33.5"
Ind. 2: Subsurface Indications

Rejected*Ind. 1: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +7 dB
L = 0.83", Z = 0.04"
X = +1.2", Y = 22.55"
Ind. 2A: TSC, theta symbol= 45°d = +9 dB
L = 1.31", Z = 0"
X = -0.85", Y = 25.55"
Ind. 2B: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +3 dB
L = 0.70", Z = 0.04"
X = -0.53", Y = 27.60"
Ind. 3A: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = -2 dB
L = 1.31", Z = 0.02"
X = -0.67", Y = 31.18"
Ind. 3B: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = -3 dB
L = 1.43", Z = 0.02"
X = -0.58", Y = 31.78"

FG37K-TF3-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Rejected
Ind. 1: theta symbol = 45°
L = 1.0", Z = 2.0"
X = +0.50", Y = 26"

Rejected
Ind. 1: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +6 dB
L = 0.41", Z = 1.85"
X = +0.54", Y = 26.67"

TP2

Rejected
Slags
Ind. 1: L = 0.50", Y = 0.25"
Ind. 2: L = 0.75", Y = 3.50"
Ind. 3: L = 1.13", Y = 7.0"
Ind. 4: L = 1", Y = 10.5"

Rejected
Ind. 1:
d = +5 dB
L = 0.38", Z = 0.92"
X = -0.50", Y = 0"
Ind. 2:
d = +2 dB
L = 0.50", Z = 0.18"
X = +0.31", Y = 3.63"
Ind. 3:
d = -1 dB
L = 0.75", Z = 0.95"
X = -0.13", Y = 7.13"
Ind. 4:
d = +1 dB
L = 0.50", Z = 0.09"
X = -0.38", Y = 10.5"

Rejected
Ind. 1:
d = +4 dB
L = 0.46", Z = 0.97"
X = -0.53", Y = 0"
Ind. 2:
d = +2 dB
L = 0.88", Z = 0.01"
X = +22", Y = 3.17"
Ind. 3:
d = -3 dB
L = 1.12", Z = 0.93"
X = -0.19", Y = 7.0"
Ind. 4:
d = +1 dB
L = 0.89", Z = 0"
X = -0.30", Y = 10.19"

AWS-FCM-02-6A

Rejected

Rejected

Rejected

*Under the provisions of table 6.3 in the AASHTO/AWS D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code (i.e., class B and class C flaws shall be separated by at least 2L), Ind. 1A, Ind. 1B, ... are considered as a single defect, Ind. 2A, Ind. 2B, ... are considered as a single defect, etc.

1 inch = 25.4 mm

Table 11. Inspection results of the fourth field testing at HSS.

Specimen ID RT Manual UT AUT

FBG80-TF1-BottF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG1E-TF2-TopF- FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FG2E-TF2-TopF-FCM

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

G11THW-CF1-BottF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G11THW-CF2-BottF

Accepted

Not Required

Accepted

G7UHW-CF1-TopF

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: B-C,
Indication 1.31" Right of A
(i.e., Y = 1.31")
Ind. 2: B-C,
Indication 0.5" Left of B (i.e., Y = 17.5")

Not Required

Accepted

FG40M-TF1- Curved-FCM

Accepted

Rejected
Ind. 1: theta symbol = 45°
d = +1 dB
L = 1.75", Z = 2"
X = +0.38", Y = 12"
Ind. 2: theta symbol = 45°
d = +5 dB
L = 0.75", Z = 1.38"
X = +0.63", Y = 16"

Rejected*Ind. 1A: BSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +8 dB
L = 1.29", Z = 2"
X = +0.49", Y = 10.68"
Ind. 1B: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +1 dB
L = 1.02", Z = 1.37"
X = +1.10", Y = 11.17"

FG1A-TF2-BottF- FCM

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B, Slag

Rejected

Rejected*Ind. 1A: TSC, theta symbol= 60°
d = -1 dB
L = 0.97", Z = 0.49"
X = -1.40", Y = 3.0"
Ind. 1B: TSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +6 dB
L = 1.11", Z = 0.72"
X = -1.50", Y = 3.08"

G3VHW-CF1-BottF

Rejected
Ind. 1: A-B,
Indication 3.25" Left of B (i.e., Y = 9.88")

Not Required
(Accepted Within Code)

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: TSC, theta symbol= 70°
d = +4 dB
L = 0.66", Z = 1.52"
X = +1.46", Y = 8.76"

G5VHW-CF1-BottF

Rejected
Ind. 1: B-C,
0.25" Slag 1.06 From C Edge
(i.e., L = 0.25", Y = 25.19")

Not Required
(Accepted Within Code)

Accepted Within Code
Ind. 1: TSC, theta symbol= 45°
d = +9 dB
L = 0.40", Z = 1.70"
X = +0.71", Y = 24.76"

*Under the provisions of table 6.3 in the AASHTO/AWS D1.5: 2002 Bridge Welding Code (i.e., class B and class C flaws shall be separated by at least 2L), Ind. 1A, Ind. 1B, ... are considered as a single defect, Ind. 2A, Ind. 2B, ... are considered as a single defect, etc.

1 inch = 25.4 mm

Table 12. Inspection results of field testing at Stupp.

Specimen ID

RT

Manual UT

AUT

FS32B1&2-BottF Joint B015

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FS45A1&2 Joint T019

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FS46A1&2 Joint T021

Accepted

Accepted

Accepted

FS31B1&2 Joint B011

 Accepted Within Code

Accepted

Accepted

Previous | Table of Contents | Next

  FHWA-HRT-04-124
FHWA
TFHRC Home | FHWA Home | Feedback

United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration